| Cod Liver Oil Basics and Recommendations |
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| Written by Sally Fallon and Mary G. Enig, PhD |
| 2009-Feb-08 |
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JUMP TO: Brand Recommendations Once a standard supplement in traditional European societies, cod liver oil provides fat-soluble vitamins A and D, which Dr. Price found present in the diet of primitives in amounts ten times higher than in modernized diets. Cod liver oil supplements are a must for women and their male partners, to be taken for several months before conception, and for women during pregnancy. Growing children will also benefit greatly from a small daily dose. Cod liver oil is also rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docasahexaenoic acid (DHA). The body makes these fatty acids from omega-3 linolenic acid. EPA is as an important link in the chain of fatty acids that ultimately results in prostaglandins, localized tissue hormones while DHA is very important for the proper function of the brain and nervous system. Those individuals who have consumed large amounts of polyunsaturated oils, especially partially hydrogenated oils, who are suffering from certain nutrient deficiencies, or who have impaired pancreatic function, such as diabetics, may not be able to produce EPA and DHA and will, therefore, lack important prostaglandins and necessary fats for the brain unless they consume oily fish or take a cod liver oil supplement. Buy cod liver oil in dark bottles and store in a cool, dark, dry place. Please read Vitamin A, Vitamin D, and Cod Liver Oil: Some Clarifications below for amounts to give to adults and children and for recommended brands. Cod liver oil is easy to take when stirred into a small amount of water or fresh juice. Dr. Price always gave cod liver oil along with high-vitamin butter oil, extracted by centrifuge from good quality spring or fall butter. He found that cod liver oil on its own was relatively ineffective but combined with high vitamin butter oil produced excellent results. The butter oil contains what he called Activator X, now considered to be vitamin K2, which works synergistically with vitamins A and D (see Chris Masterjohn's article "On the Trail of the Elusive X Factor: A Sixty-Year Old Mystery Finally Solved"). Your diet should include sources of vitamin K, such as good quality butter from grass-fed cows and/or high-vitamin butter oil, fat from grass-fed animals, cheeses from grass-fed animals and duck or goose liver, along with cod liver oil. Vitamin A, Vitamin D & Cod Liver Oil: Some ClarificationsSeveral visitors to our website have noted inconsistencies in various statements about vitamin A, vitamin D and cod liver oil. These issues revolve around questions of dosage and safety. Vitamin A DosageWe have pointed out that concerns about vitamin A toxicity are exaggerated. While some forms of synthetic vitamin A found in supplements can be toxic at only moderately high doses, fat-soluble vitamin A naturally found in foods like cod liver oil, liver, and butterfat is safe at up to ten times the doses of water-soluble, solidified and emulsified vitamin A found in some supplements that produce toxicity.(1) Additionally, the vitamin D found in cod liver oil and butterfat from pasture-raised animals protects against vitamin A toxicity, and allows one to consume a much higher amount of vitamin A before it becomes toxic.(1-3) Liver from land mammals is high in vitamin A but low in vitamin D, and should therefore be consumed with other vitamin D-rich foods such as lard or bacon from pasture-raised pigs, egg yolks, and oily fish, or during months in which UV-B light is sufficient to provide one with adequate vitamin D. As a general guideline, we recommend the following doses of vitamin A from cod liver oil, along with a nutrient-dense diet that contains other vitamin A-rich foods:
Please note that these recommended doses are 2-5 times greater than the U.S. RDA for children, 4 times greater than the U.S. RDA for adults and 8 times greater than the U.S. RDA for pregnant women. The RDA values are based on studies conducted in the general population, which is now recognized to be largely deficient in vitamin D. For a discussion of studies showing that vitamin A consumption up to 30,000 IU per day by pregnant women does not result in a greater risk of birth defects, see Vitamin A for fetal development. This article also describes the vital role played by vitamin A in the development of the fetus. Pregnant women may wish to consult their health practitioner about taking cod liver oil during pregnancy. Individuals under stress or wishing to use cod liver oil to treat a disease condition may take much larger doses, even up to doses providing 90,000 IU vitamin A per day, for a period of several weeks. Vitamin D DosageOur recommended brands of cod liver oil (see below) will provide with the above recommended dosages for cod liver oil about 500-1000 IU vitamin D for children, 1000-2000 IU vitamin D for adults, 2000-4000 IU vitamin D for pregnant and nursing women and up to 9000-18,000 IU for those taking large amounts of cod liver oil to deal with stress and disease. In 1997, the Food and Nutrition Board of the US Institute of Medicine set the tolerable upper intake level (TUIL) for vitamin D at 2000 IU per day. However, the vitamin D content experts on the Upper Limits Panel objected to this limit, and several prominent vitamin D researchers have called for an upward revision of the limit. Experiments show that even during the winter with a low vitamin D intake, humans will exhaust stores of vitamin D at a rate of 3000-4000 IU per day, an amount that many people require to maintain optimal levels of the vitamin in the blood. Extensive exposure to summer sun at mid latitudes naturally produces levels of vitamin D in the blood equivalent to what is attained by supplementing with a continued daily dose of 10,000 IU, suggesting humans are designed to tolerate such large amounts of vitamin D.(4) If you are a lifeguard or spend a lot of time in the sun, you do not need to take supplemental vitamin D; however you still need to consume adequate vitamin A. Animal studies show that even moderate amounts of vitamin D increase the body's need for vitamin A, whether the vitamin D is provided in the diet or by UV light (2,5). So, if you cut back or eliminate cod liver oil in the summer, be sure to consume plenty of oily fish, liver, butterfat and egg yolks from grass-fed hens to ensure adequate vitamin A. For a discussion of Vitamin D Toxicity, see http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/vitaminDToxicity.shtml This does not mean we do not recommend that some individuals have their vitamin D levels tested. Such testing can be very useful in determining vitamin D status and the effectiveness of cod liver oil or vitamin D supplements. Optimal serum vitamin D levels should be in the range of 30-50 ng/mL (see discussion at [link "Potential Dangers of Vitamin D, page 24 of Spring 2009]). Brand RecommendationsMost brands of cod liver oil go through a process that removes all of the natural vitamins. The resultant product contains very low levels of vitamin A and virtually no vitamin D. Some manufacturers add manufactured vitamins A and D to the purified cod liver oil and until recently, one manufacturer added the natural vitamins removed during processing back into the cod liver oil. Fortunately, we now have available in the U.S. a naturally produced, unheated, fermented high-vitamin cod liver oil that is made using a filtering process that retains the natural vitamins. The high-vitamin fermented cod liver oil is sold as a food so does not contain vitamin levels on the label. However, after numerous tests, the approximate values of A and D have been ascertained at 1900 IU vitamin A per mL and 390 IU vitamin D per mL. Thus 1 teaspoon of high-vitamin fermented cod liver oil contains 9500 IU vitamin A and 1950 IU vitamin D, a ratio of about 5:1. Based on these values, the dosage for the high-vitamin fermented cod liver oil is provided as follows:
Please note that the fermented cod liver oil contains many co-factors that may enhance the body's uptake and usage of vitamins A and D; in fact, many have reported results equivalent to those obtained from high-vitamin cod liver oil with half the recommended dose, that is ¼ teaspoon or 1.25 mL for children age 3 months to 12 years; ½ teaspoon or 5 capsules for children over 12 years and adults; and 1 teaspoon or 10 capsules for pregnant and nursing women. As of Spring, 2009, we recommend the following brands of cod liver oil. Sources of high-vitamin fermented cod liver oil and high-vitamin cod liver oil with natural vitamins added are in the BEST category; sources of processed cod liver oil with synthetic vitamins in the right proportions are in the GOOD category. We do not recommend brands of cod liver oil that have only low levels of vitamins A and D. In the United StatesBEST (Available Online/Mail Order):
GOOD (and available in Stores):
In EuropeBEST:
GOOD:
In AustraliaBEST:
GOOD (in stores):
In New ZealandBEST:
GOOD (in stores):
In CanadaBEST:
In Hong KongBEST:
Updates and More InformationPlease read the following updates on Cod Liver Oil, published in December 2008: Read more about Vitamin A and Vitamin D here:
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Hits: 20227 Comments (15)
  written by Karl, Feb 04 2010
I am wondering if just regular salmon oil and a good multivitamin might be better. Vitamin A toxicity is a nasty thing.
written by Linda Browne, Jan 29 2010
I have been reading concerns about vitamin K2 causing birth defects. Do you have any information on this.
Thanks Linda
written by Mary, Jan 19 2010
Please advise. The above mentioned CLO appears to have more D than A and the non-fermented oil is no longer available. How much should we be taking of the fermented oil?
Thank you, Mary
written by marcia, Jan 11 2010
how can i see wapf's responses to these comments and questions?
written by Sean Moffett, Jan 11 2010
I see that the Green Pastures Blue Ice Royal fermented clo/butter oil blend contains silica. what is the benefit of a dietry intake of silica?
written by joan, Jan 10 2010
I take cod liver capw/1250IU of A and 135 IU of D-how much should I take daily?I read this can help to Alkaline ones body-true?
written by Stuart Tomc, Jan 08 2010
Unfortunatly this review ignores the fact that marine based Omega 3 supplemnts must have very low levles of oxidative rancidity. Wild fish is not fremented, it's fresh, and fresh fish has the power. We need to understand that rancidity in fish oil can be tested and is the best guideline for recomendations. I am a Dr. Price fan and he would agree! http://www.ifosprogram.com/IFOS/default.aspx
written by meredith, Dec 28 2009
the recommended dose on the bottle of blue ice fermented cod liver/butter oil capsules is 2 capsules per day. what are the appropriate doses for children, adults and pregnant women since i do not know how many capsules would be equivalent to a teaspoon...any guidance you can give would be greatly recommended!!
written by Patricia Holborow, Dec 28 2009
2 questions
1. Does shark liver oil contain the same vitamin A and D levels as cod liver oil? 2. Do ordinary fish oil supplements contain vitamin A and D?
written by Rahsaan Chisolm, Dec 25 2009
Hi. Would you please elaborate further why Nordic Natural Regular Cod Liver Oil is not recommended? Doesn't the "D" version use synthetic Vitamin D. I ask, because as a black man living in New York City, I'm certain that my sun exposure is nowhere near would someone of my complexion would need to make enough Vitamin D. Currently, I drink about two large swigs a day from a bottle o Nordic Natural Regular Cod Liver Oil. Is that not optimal?
written by Tim Boyd, Dec 22 2009
No mistake. The ratio of vitamin A to D in Garden of Life CLO has changed (not enough D) so we can no longer recommend it.
written by Bonnie, Dec 21 2009
You have recommended Garden of Life Olde World Icelandic Cod Liver Oil in the past. I am guessing there has been a mistake since it is no longer on your list of recommendations.
written by Hannah, Dec 17 2009
I am very confused about conflicting information on this site regarding Vitamin D. I just read in a different article here that Vit. D can be toxic to some people in doses as low as 200-400 IU's, but here such a higher dose is recommended. Should I not supplement with cod liver oil unless a D deficiency has been identified?
written by James, Sep 08 2009
Above you have stated that 1 teaspoon of high-vitamin fermented cod liver oil contains 9500 IU vitamin A and 1950 IU vitamin D, a ratio of about 5:1. David Wetzel; however the manufacturer of the oil states in his April 30, 2009 update that the fermented oil contains 4,000 - 9,000 IU vitamin A per teaspoon and 3,000 - 4,000 IU vitamin D. Which is correct?
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Sally Fallon Morell is the author of Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats (with Mary G. Enig, PhD), a well-researched, thought-provoking guide to traditional foods with a startling message: Animal fats and cholesterol are not villains but vital factors in the diet, necessary for normal growth, proper function of the brain and nervous system, protection from disease and optimum energy levels. She joined forces with Enig again to write Eat Fat, Lose Fat, and has authored numerous articles on the subject of diet and health. The President of the Weston A. Price Foundation and founder of 
Mary G. Enig, PhD is an expert of international renown in the field of lipid biochemistry. She has headed a number of studies on the content and effects of trans fatty acids in America and Israel, and has successfully challenged government assertions that dietary animal fat causes cancer and heart disease. Recent scientific and media attention on the possible adverse health effects of trans fatty acids has brought increased attention to her work. She is a licensed nutritionist, certified by the Certification Board for Nutrition Specialists, a qualified expert witness, nutrition consultant to individuals, industry and state and federal governments, contributing editor to a number of scientific publications, Fellow of the American College of Nutrition and President of the Maryland Nutritionists Association. She is the author of over 60 technical papers and presentations, as well as a popular lecturer. Dr. Enig is currently working on the exploratory development of an adjunct therapy for AIDS using complete medium chain saturated fatty acids from whole foods. She is Vice-President of the Weston A Price Foundation and Scientific Editor of Wise Traditions as well as the author of Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol, Bethesda Press, May 2000. She is the mother of three healthy children brought up on whole foods including butter, cream, eggs and meat.
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