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Lecithin: From Sludge to Profit
By Kaayla T. Daniel, PhD, CCN
Lecithin is an emulsifying substance that is found in
the cells of all living organisms. The French scientist Maurice Gobley
discovered lecithin in 1805 and named it "lekithos" after
the Greek word for "egg yolk." Until it was recovered from
the waste products of soybean processing in the 1930s, eggs were the
primary source of commercial lecithin. Today lecithin is the generic
name given to a whole class of fat-and-water soluble compounds called
phospholipids. Levels of phospholipids in soybean oils range from 1.48
to 3.08 percent, which is considerably higher than the 0.5 percent typically
found in vegetable oils, but far less than the 30 percent found in egg
yolks.1-6
OUT OF THE DUMPS
Soybean lecithin comes from sludge left after crude soy oil goes through
a "degumming" process. It is a waste product containing solvents
and pesticides and has a consistency ranging from a gummy fluid to a
plastic solid. Before being bleached to a more appealing light yellow,
the color of lecithin ranges from a dirty tan to reddish brown. The
hexane extraction process commonly used in soybean oil manufacture today
yields less lecithin than the older ethanol-benzol process, but produces
a more marketable lecithin with better color, reduced odor and less
bitter flavor.7
Historian William Shurtleff reports that the expansion of the soybean
crushing and soy oil refining industries in Europe after 1908 led to
a problem disposing the increasing amounts of fermenting, foul-smelling
sludge. German companies then decided to vacuum dry the sludge, patent
the process and sell it as "soybean lecithin." Scientists
hired to find some use for the substance cooked up more than a thousand
new uses by 1939.8
Today lecithin is ubiquitous in the processed food supply. It is most
commonly used as an emulsifier to keep water and fats from separating
in foods such as margarine, peanut butter, chocolate candies, ice cream,
coffee creamers and infant formulas. Lecithin also helps prevent product
spoilage, extending shelf life in the marketplace. In industry kitchens,
it is used to improve mixing, speed crystallization, prevent "weeping,"
and stop spattering, lumping and sticking. Used in cosmetics, lecithin
softens the skin and helps other ingredients penetrate the skin barrier.
A more water-loving version known as "deoiled lecithin" reduces
the time required to shut down and clean the extruders used in the manufacture
of textured vegetable protein and other soy products.9,10
In theory, lecithin manufacture eliminates all soy proteins, making
it hypoallergenic. In reality, minute amounts of soy protein always
remain in lecithin as well as in soy oil. Three components of soy protein
have been identified in soy lecithin, including the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor,
which has a track record of triggering severe allergic reactions even
in the most minuscule quantities. The presence of lecithin in so many
food and cosmetic products poses a special danger for people with soy
allergies.11-13
LEC IS IN:
THE MAKING OF A WONDER FOOD
Lecithin has been touted for years as a wonder food capable of combating
atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, liver cirrhosis, gall stones, psoriasis,
eczema, scleroderma, anxiety, tremors and brain aging. Because it is
well known that the human body uses phospholipids to build strong, flexible
cell membranes and to facilitate nerve transmission, health claims have
been made for soy lecithin since the 1920s. Dr. A. A. Horvath, a leading
purveyor of soybean health claims at the time, thought it could be used
in "nerve tonics" or to help alcoholics reduce the effects
of intoxication and withdrawal. In 1934, an article entitled "A
Comfortable and Spontaneous Cure for the Opium Habit by Means of Lecithin"
was written by Chinese researchers and published in an English language
medical journal.14
Lecithin, though, did not capture the popular imagination until the
1960s and 1970s when the bestselling health authors Adelle Davis, Linda
Clark and Mary Ann Crenshaw hyped lecithin in their many books, including
Let’s Get Well, Secrets of Health and Beauty and The Natural
Way to Super Beauty: Featuring the Amazing Lecithin, Apple Cider Vinegar,
B-6 and Kelp Diet.15-17
Lecithin did not become a star of the health food circuit by accident.
Research took off during the early 1930s, right when lecithin production
became commercially viable. In 1939, the American Lecithin Company began
sponsoring research studies, and published the most promising in a 23-page
booklet entitled Soybean Lecithin in 1944. The company, not
coincidentally introduced a health food cookie with a lecithin filling
known as the "Lexo Wafer" and a lecithin/wheat germ supplement
called Granulestin. In the mid 1970s, Natterman, a lecithin marketing
company based in Germany, hired scientists at various health clinics
to experiment with lecithin and to write scientific articles about it.
These "check book" scientists coined the term "essential
phospholipids" an inaccurate term since a healthy body can produce
its own phospholipids from phosphorous and lipids.18
In September 2001, lecithin got a boost when the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) authorized products containing enough of it to
bear labels such as "A good source of choline." Producers
of soy lecithin hope to find ways to help the new health claim lift
demand for lecithin and increase prices in what has been a soft market.
Eggs, milk and soy products are the leading dietary sources of choline,
according to recent research conducted at the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill and at Duke University.19-21
LEC THAT’S MORE:
PHOSPHATIDYL CHOLINE (PC)
Because many lecithin products sold in health food stores contain
less than 30 percent choline, many clinicians prefer to use the more
potent Phosphatidylcholine (PC) or its even more powerful derivative
drug Glyceryl-phosphorylcholine (GPC). Both are being used to prevent
and reverse dementia, improve cognitive function, increase human growth
hormone (hGH) release, and to treat brain disorders such as damage from
stroke. PC and GPC may help build nerve cell membranes, facilitate electrical
transmission in the brain, hold membrane proteins in place, and produce
the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.22-24 However, studies
on soy lecithin, PC, and brain aging have been inconsistent and contradictory
ever since the 1920s. Generally, lecithin is regarded as safe except
for people who are highly allergic to soy. However, the late Robert
Atkins, MD, advised patients not to take large doses of supplemental
lecithin without extra vitamin C to protect them from the nitrosamines
formed from choline metabolism. Trimethylamine and dimethylamine, which
are metabolized by bacteria in the intestines from choline, are important
precurors to N-nitrosodimethylamine, a potent carcinogen in a wide variety
of animal species.25-27
PHOSPHATIDYL SERINE (PS)
Phosphatidyl serine (PS) -- another popular phospholipid that improves
brain function and mental acuity – nearly always comes from soy
oil. Most of the scientific studies proving its efficacy, however, come
from bovine sources, which also contain DHA as part of the structure.28-31
Plant oils never contain readymade DHA. Indeed, the entire fatty acid
structure is different; bovine derived PS is rich in stearic and oleic
acids, while soy PS is rich in linoleic and palmitic acids.32
Complicating matters further, the PS naturally formed in the human body
consists of 37.5 percent stearic acid and 24.2 percent arachidonic acid.33
Yet soy-derived PS seems to help many people.34-36
Russell Blaylock, MD, author of Excitotoxins, the Taste that Kills,
explains that the probable reason PS works is because its chemical structure
is similar to that of L-glutamate, the trouble-making neurotransmitter,
amino acid and excitotoxin that exists in high concentration in MSG
(monosodium glutamate), HVP (hydrolyzed vegetable protein) and "natural
flavorings" and foods containing these soy derivatives. (See Chapter
11.) Because PS competes with glutamate, it may protect us from glutamate
toxicity.37 Ironically, the expensive soy-derived supplement
PS is being used to undo damage that may be caused in part by the cheap
soy in processed foods
LYSOPHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE (LPE)
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved lysophosphatidyl-ethanolamine
(LPE), another phosphatidyl substance commercially extracted from soybeans,
for use as a fruit ripener and shelf-life extender. LPE – once
called cephalin -- is now being used to treat grapes, cranberries, strawberries,
blueberries, apples, tomatoes, and cut flowers.
When applied to fruits that are nearly ripe – going into puberty,
so to speak -- LPE promotes ripening. When applied to picked fruit or
cut flowers that are already ripe or blooming, however, it will "reduce
senescence by inhibiting some of the enzymes involved in membrane breakdown."
This can dramatically extend shelf life.38 Whether the substance
could also keep human bodies fresh for funeral home viewings has not
yet been investigated.
About the Author
Kaayla Daniel is the author of The Whole Soy Story
(NewTrends, Spring 2004). Visit her website at www.wholesoystory.com.
REFERENCES
1. Smith, Allan K and Circle, Sidney J. Soybeans: Chemistry and
Technology, Vol 1, Proteins (Westport CT, Avi, 1972) 79.
2. Berk, Zeki. Technology of production of edible flours and protein
products from soybeans. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 97, 14.
3. Nash AM, Eldridge AC, Wolf WJ. Fractionation and characterization
of alcohol extractions associated with soybean proteins: nonprotein
components. J Agr Food Chem, 1967, 15, 1, 106-108.
4. Shurtleff, William and Aoyagi, Akiko. What Is Lecithin? Chapters
1-6 from History of Soy Lecithin. In Soyfoods: Past, Present and
Future. Unpublished manuscript, (Lafayette, CA, Soyfoods Center,
1981).
5. Wood and Allison, Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin
on neurological and cardiovascular systems, Life Sciences Research Office,
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), 1981.
6. Liu, KeShun. Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology, Utilization (Gaithersburg,
MD, Aspen, 1999) 32.
7. Shurtleff.
8. Shurtleff.
9. Berk.
10. Shurtleff.
11. Gu X, Beardslee T et al. Identification of IgE-binding proteins
in soy lecithin. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2001, 126, 3, 218-225.
12. Mortimer EZ. Anaphylaxis following ingestion of soybean. Pediatr,
1961, 58, 90-92.
13. Moroz LA, Yang WH. Kunitz soybean trypsin-inhibitor: a specific
allergen in food anaphylaxis N Engl J Med, 1980, 302, 1126-1128.
14. Shurtleff.
15. Davis, Adelle. Let’s Get Well (NY, Signet/New American
Library, 1965).
16. Clark, Linda. Secrets of Health and Beauty (NY, Jove,
1969).
17. Crenshaw, Mary Ann. The Natural Way to Super Beauty (NY,
Dell, 1974).
18. Shurtleff.
19. Lecithin demand poised to gain on choline health claims. Chemical
Business NewsBase, Chemical Market Reporter via NewsEdge Corporation
10/8/2201 posted on www.soyatech.com.
20. FDA clears health claim for choline. National Press Club, Washington,
DC.PR Newswire via NewsEdge Corporation. Posted 9/10/2201 on www.soyatech.com.
21. Soy products --high in choline -- win labeling right. News
Observer, Raleigh, NC via NewsEdge Corporation, posted 9/12/2201
www.soyatech.com.
22. Amenta F, Parnetti L et al. Treatment of cognitive dysfunction
associated with Alzheimer’s disease with cholinergic precursors.
Ineffective treatments or inappropriate approaches? Mech Ageing
Dev, 2001, 122, 16, 2025-2040.
23. Ceda GP, Ceresini G et al. Alpha-Glycerylphosphyorylcholine administration
increases the GH responses to gHR of young and elderly subjects. Horm
Metab Res, 1992, 24, 3, 119-121.
24. Parnetti L et al. Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and
in acute cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published clinical
data. Mec Ageing Dev, 2001, 122, 16, 2041-2055.
25. Atkins, Robert. Dr. Atkins’ Vita-Nutrient Solution (Simon
and Schuster, 1998). 78-80.
26. Zeisel SH, Gettner S, Youssef M. Formation of aliphatic amine
precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine after oral administration of choline
and choline analogues in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol, 1989,
27, 1, 31-34.
27. Fiume Z. Final report on the safety assessment of lecithin and
hydrogenated lecithin. Int J Toxicol, 2001, 20, Suppl 1, 21-45.
28. Gelbmann CM, Muller WE. Chronic treatment with phosphatidylserine
restores muscarinic cholinergic receptor deficits in the aged mouse
brain. Neurobiol Aging, 1992, 3, 1, 45-50.
29. Crook TH, Tinklenberg J et al. Effects of phyosphatidylserine
in age-associated memory impairment. Neurology, 1991, 41, 5,
644-699.
30. Crook T, Petrie W et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer’s
disease. Psychopharmacol Bull, 1992, 28, 1, 61-66.
31. Monteleone P, Beinat L et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine on
the neuroendocrine respone to physical stress in humans. Neuroendocrinology,
1990, 52, 3, 243-248.
32. Sakai M, Yamatoya H, Kudo S. Pharmacological effects of phosphatidylserine
enzymatically synthesized from soybean lecithin on brain function in
rodents. J. Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 1996, 42, 1, 47-54.
33. Enig, Mary. Know Your Fats (Silver Spring, MD, Bethesda
Press, 2000), 60-61.
34. Blokland A, Honig W, et al. Cognition-enhancing properties of
subchronic phosphatidylserine (PS) treatment in middle-aged rats: comparison
of bovine cortex PS with egg PS and soybean PS. Nutr, 1999,
15, 10, 778-783.
35. Schreiber S, Kampf-Sherf O et al. An open trial of plant-source
derived phosphatydilserine for treatment of age-related cognitive decline.
Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci, 2000, 37, 4, 302-307.
36. Sakai, Yamatoya, Kudo.
37. Blaylock, Ralph. Not just another scare: toxin additives in your
food and drink. Radiant Life International Health Related Articles.
www.radiantlife.com.
38. Ripening agent made from soy granted EPA approval. Nutra-Park
Inc., Madison, WI. Business wire via NewsEdge Corporation posted 4/4/2002
on www.soyatech.com.
Sidebar Article
UPDATES
SOY AND BLADDER CANCER: Soy proponents like to point
to low rates of beast cancer in Asian countries as proof that consumption
of soy can protect against cancer. They fail to mention that Asians
have high rates of other types of cancer compared to westerners. A new
study conducted in Singapore found that consumption of soyfood was associated
with higher rates of bladder cancer, and the relationship was statistically
significant. Similar results were obtained for soy protein and soy isoflavones.
The soy-cancer relationship became stronger when the analysis was restricted
to subjects with longer duration of follow-up (Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2002 Dec;11(12):1674-7).
SOY AND BREAST CANCER: The only food associated with
protection against breast cancer is miso, according to a recent study
performed in Japan. Women who consumed three or more bowls of miso soup
containing about 25 mg genistein daily had approximately half the risk
of breast cancer. Consumption of other foods containing soy, such as
soybeans, tofu, deep-fried tofu or other fermented soybean products
was not associated with reduced risk of breast cancer (J Natl Cancer
Inst 2003;95:906-913). What this means is that Japanese women on
a traditional diet eating small amounts of soy in a nourishing soup
(probably fish broth) have lower rates of breast cancer. Eating large
amounts of modern soy foods will not protect against breast cancer.
SOY AND MIGRAINE: A recently published case report
details the onset of migraine associated with the use of soy isoflavone
supplements (Neurology 2002 Oct 22;59(8):1289-90).
SOY AND THE AMAZON: You’ve all seen the t-shirts
about saving the Amazon by avoiding beef. Now we find out the biggest
threat to the Amazon jungles is not cattle raising but soy production.
Cultivation of soybeans has lead to a 40 percent increase in deforestation
last year, to nearly 10,000 square miles. Even the pastures where cows
grazed until recently are being converted to soy. (New York Times,
September 17, 2003)
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