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outcomes of mothers-to-be. This does not mean that we are going down a blind alley, however, when we consider the implications of so many c-sections. Belatedly, other investigators are pointing out the need to examine both the risks and benefits of cesarean delivery, particularly since research is uncovering a much higher incidence of chronic diseases (including asthma, obesity and type 1 diabetes) in children born via c- section.4 If c-section babies are indeed missing out on maternal micro- biome exposure—as well as brain stimulation, important early bonding and probably many other as-yet-unidentified but irreplaceable aspects of natural childbirth—then we may indeed be setting transgenerational (or epigenetic) changes into motion. What will happen when a sizeable proportion of the population has a hospital-generated microbiome? It is only slightly reassuring to hear that the Austrian researchers do not believe that non-surgical births will become fully “obsolete.”5
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17. MacDorman MF, Declercq E, Cabral H, Morton C. Recent increases in the U.S. maternal mortality rate: disentangling trends from measurement issues. Obstet Gynecol 2016;128(3):447-55.
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19. Gaskin IM. Maternal death in the United States: a problem solved or a problem ignored? J Perinat Educ 2008;17(2): 9-13.
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21. Bautista-Castaño I, Henriquez-Sanchez P, Alemán-Perez N, Garcia-Salvador JJ, Gonzalez-Quesada A, Garcia- Hernandez JA, Serra-Majem L. Maternal obesity in early pregnancy and risk of adverse outcomes. PLoS One 2013;8(11): e80410.
22. Kawakita T, Reddy UM, Landy HJ, Iqbal SN, Huang CC, Grantz KL. Indications for primary cesarean de- livery relative to body mass index. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016;215(4): 515.e1-9.
23. Martin N, Montagne R. Focus on infants during child- birth leaves U.S. moms in danger. NPR, May 12, 2017. 24. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. New recommendations to prevent blood clots during
Cesarean deliveries issued. August 22, 2011.
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study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2017 Mar 30.
26. David-Floyd RE. The rituals of American hospital birth.
Global Freedom Movement, February 6, 2015.
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