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12. Fatty fish such as wild salmon, are a good source of vitamin D, milk must be fortified, and other foods such as orange juice can be fortified with D2 or D3. The FDA will require all food and beverage labels to list vitamin D content as of July 26, 2018. This is expected to increase the number of foods fortified with vitamin D.
13. The RDA as set by the Institute of Medicine is based on the amount of vitamin D needed by 97.5% of the population to reach a threshold for 25(OH)D of 20 ng/mL for normaliza- tion of bone health. Jones, G. Vitamin D. In Ross AC et al editors. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2014.
14. The Institute of Medicine is the most highly regarded au- thority of these and critically reviewed the widest breadth of studies, coming to the most conservative opinion on the evidence. The IOM disagreed with the Endocrine Society’s conclusions on three major points, stating: 1. 25(OH)D levels of 30 or higher do not provide health benefits over 20 ng/mL; 2. All persons are not deficient at levels below 20; and 3. Large subgroups characterized by the Society as at risk are not actually at risk. They concluded that “it would be difficult to justify billions in health care dollars that would be required as well as the administration of high doses of vitamin D in the absence of data to demonstrate safety.” Rosen CJ et al. IOM Committee Members Respond to Endocrine Society Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1146-1152.
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17. “The most definitive way to determine the ideal 25(OH) D level would be to conduct a randomized, controlled trial with different levels of vitamin D supplementation targeted at reaching specific blood levels of 25(OH)D and to test the effects of the different levels of supplementation on clinical outcomes, such as bone mineral density, frac- ture rate, insulin resistance, glucose tolerance, cancer, or heart disease. We do not yet have this type of data. We do,
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however, have some strong support for raising 25(OH)D levels to at least 35 ng/mL..” https://
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29. The IOM states that “available evidence shows that PTH values decline to a plateau at different levels of serum 25(OH)D, ranging between 15 and 50 ml. This varies widely among individuals and appears to be dependent on age, race, ethnicity, body composition, renal function, and
geographic locations.”
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