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the blood scores for the subjects show no clear and RBC aggregates, while present, are some- Such blood
correlation with the percent WAPF diets. Thus, what less pronounced.
it appears that a higher percentage of WAPF diet morphologies
does not offer protection against observed blood CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION —red
changes following short-term exposure to cell Results show substantial changes in the blood cell
phone radiation. blood from short-term cell phone radiation
There is a possible relationship between exposure in nine out of ten human subjects. clumping and
the levels of change observed in the blood with RBC aggregation and stickiness were mainly misshapen
subject age and/or cell phone habits in daily life. observed following 45 minutes of exposure to a cells—
Figures 12 and 13 show levels of blood changes smart phone in receiving mode worn by subjects
observed in subjects immediately following the in a backpack. By contrast, RBC morphologi- are frequently
carrying condition and the active phone use cal (shape) changes including the formation of observed in ill

condition, respectively, as a function of subject echinocytes (spiky cells) were dominant after persons.
age. It appears that younger subjects show less subjects actively used the phone for an additional
aggregated RBCs than older subjects for the car- 45 minutes. It appears that RBC stickiness with
rying condition (Figure 12). It also appears that clumping is the first stage of the cell phone radia-
younger subjects show less aggregated RBCs as tion effect. Subsequently, the RBC aggregates
well as less blood cell shape changes than older tend to break apart, and then cell shape changes
subjects for the active use condition (Figure 13). occur, in which echinocytes and other misshapen
Figure 14 shows the reported use of cell phone cells are observed. Not all subjects showed both
on the average per day for each subject. In gen- types of changes. The difference in net RBC
eral, younger subjects reported using their cell aggregates between the carrying and the active
phones a greater number of hours per day than use conditions are not significant for this small
older subjects. Unfortunately, in this small study sample, as indicated by the overlap in the error
the distinction between age and cell phone use bar values in Figure 15. However, the differences
cannot be separated. in RBC shape changes between the carrying and
Figure 15 summarizes the overall observed the active use conditions appear to be significant.
effects on the blood from short-term exposure Such blood morphologies—RBC clumping
to cell phone radiation for both the carrying and misshapen cells—are frequently observed in
condition and active use condition. The observed ill persons or those eating less-than-optimal di-
changes are substantial in magnitude. For the ets. Echinocyte formation has been associated
6,7
carrying condition, RBC aggregates dominate, with aging RBCs and diseases such as cirrhosis
while RBC shape changes are fewer. For the of the liver. In a study exposing mice to cell
8
active condition, RBC shape changes dominate, phones, clumped RBCs were found after short-

Figure 8: Active use condition of female subject, Figure 9: Active use condition of same female sub-
age 55, fingertip blood showing RBCs in rouleaux. ject, toe blood showing RBCs in rouleaux.

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